Get the Facts About CSA: Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse is a deeply violating and harmful crime that happens when a perpetrator engages in sexual activity with a minor. 

Children cannot give consent to sexual activity—ever. When someone harms a child this way, it’s a serious offense that can leave long-term psychological and emotional scars.

This form of abuse can be committed by anyone. And while the signs aren’t always visible, knowing what to look for and how to talk to a child is vital to prevention, support, and justice.

What Acts Are Considered Child Sexual Abuse?

Child sexual abuse can take many forms. Some examples include:

• Exposing oneself to a minor (exhibitionism)
• Touching or fondling a child for sexual purposes
• Forcing or coercing a child to engage in any form of sex (vaginal, oral, or anal)
• Masturbating in front of a child or forcing the child to masturbate
• Engaging in sexually explicit conversations, phone calls, text messages, or online interactions with a minor
• Creating, possessing, or sharing pornographic images or videos of children
• Sex trafficking or exploiting a child for commercial sex
• Any other form of contact that is sexual in nature and involves a child

These behaviors are criminal, regardless of whether they involve physical force or even physical touch. The intent to exploit or violate a child is what defines the abuse.

Who Are the Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse?

Most often, child sexual abuse is committed by someone the child knows and trusts. 

Abusers can be:

• Parents or stepparents
• Siblings or cousins
• Family friends or neighbors
• Teachers, coaches, or religious leaders
• Babysitters or other caregivers
• Older peers or romantic partners

Abusers may use manipulation, threats, or their position of power to coerce a child into silence. They may tell the child the abuse is “normal” or say no one will believe them if they speak up. Child sexual abuse is more than a physical violation—it’s a betrayal of trust.

Warning Signs of Child Sexual Abuse

Children often don’t have the words—or they don’t feel safe enough—to tell someone they’ve been harmed. That’s why it’s critical to pay attention to both physical and behavioral changes.

Physical Signs of CSA

• Bleeding, bruises, or swelling around the genitals
• Torn, stained, or bloody underwear
• Trouble sitting or walking
• Frequent urinary tract or yeast infections
• Genital pain, itching, or burning

Behavioral Signs of CSA

• Sudden changes in hygiene (e.g., avoiding baths or bathing excessively)
• Nightmares, bed-wetting, or fear of being alone
• Self-harm or suicidal thoughts
• Withdrawal from friends or activities
• Falling grades or frequent absences from school
• Inappropriate sexual behavior or language
• Acting overly protective of siblings or “parenting” younger children
• Returning to younger behaviors (thumb sucking, clinginess)
• Running away from home or school
• Seeming scared or tense around specific people

Not all children will show these signs. But if something feels off, trust your gut. Create a safe, non-judgmental space where your child feels they can talk openly.

What You Can Do

Healing from child sexual abuse is a process—and you don’t have to go through it alone. Here are a few steps that can help:

• Report the abuse. Contact Child Protective Services, law enforcement, or your state’s Department of Human Services. If you’re a mandatory reporter—such as a teacher, social worker, or healthcare provider—you’re legally obligated to report abuse. Learn about your reporting options and what to expect from the criminal justice system.

• Talk to the child. Let them know they’re safe and that you believe them.
• Learn the law. For state-specific laws, visit RAINN’s State Law Database.
• Reach out. Survivors and their loved ones can contact RAINN’s National Sexual Assault Hotline by phone, chat, or text. It’s free, anonymous, and available 24/7.
• Find a trauma-informed therapist. Look for professionals who specialize in childhood sexual abuse or incest trauma. Learn more.

You Are Not Alone

Recognizing child sexual abuse is the first step in stopping it. Whether you’re a parent, caregiver, educator, or friend, you can make a difference by staying alert, creating open dialogue, and believing survivors.